A profile of a country (other than the United States) describing its Essay

A profile of a country (other than the United States) describing its domestic intitutions and how those affect its relations with the rest of the world - Essay Example In 1916, there came into existence an acknowledgement by the British with Qasim Al-Thani recognizing the family as the rulers. In 1971, Qatar broke of the agreement after adopting constitutional independence. The country’s official language is Arabic but other languages such as English, Urdu, and Farsi are also spoken. The use of Arabic is in an effort to reinforce the country’s Islamic identity (Fromherz, 2012). The country has embodied the use of the word Khaleeji to differentiate golf states citizens from N. Africa and Levantine Arabs. The main religion that the country has taken up is Islam (specifically Wahhabism). However, in spite of the high upholding of Islam, the level of activity as regards Islam has been rated as medium. The country notably, has very few incidences that have been reported relating to anti-western terrorist activity. Qatar is ruled by an Emir and is subsequently and Emirate. This type of government is common only in Middle Eastern countries and has been linked to their practice of Islam. Since Qatar attained independence, the Al-Thani family has ruled the country. The cabinet ministers as well as official in high-ranking positions in Qatari government are from the Al-Thani family. However, a few appointments that are of a high level capacity have occurred outside the family. Notably though, the occurrence in question only comes about as a rarity (Gray, 2013). In 1998, Qatar went on to hold its very first open elections. The elections were centered on the election of a municipal council. There was a very large voter turn up as the historical event attracted a lot of attention. The election also attracted a large candidacy inclusive of women. However, no member of the female candidacy populace was elected; an illustration of the regard for female leadership and equality in Qatar at the time. The m unicipal council is meant to represent issues being faced in residential sectors to the relevant t government bodies. As a

International Business in the News Write-Up Article

International Business in the News Write-Up - Article Example Information provided in this article blends well with the issues covered in class about the EU debt crisis in general. MAIN IDEAS IN THE ARTICLE In this article, Tzortzinis explores the current economic crisis in Greece since its inception, the role played by its ratification to the European Union Agreements and attempts that have been made to rescue the situation including political changes and proposed in the EU agreements. RELATION OF THE ARTICLE’S IDEAS TO MATERIALS DISCUSSED IN CLASS Tzortzinis provides an in-depth analysis of the economic situation in Greece and the actions that have been taken and currently being contemplated in rescuing the country’s economy from the eminent collapse. The author discusses the country’s economic crisis that has brought the Greek’s government down, increased social unrest, and eventually threatened not only the country’s future in the EU but also the future of the euro. This information closely relates to the video entitled â€Å"Greek Debt Crisis Adds New Gravity to U.S. Deficit.† Information of particular interest in this article revolves around the current attempts by the new Greece government to re-negotiate the bailout agreements reached by the previous government with the EU economic giants such as German and France. Tzortzinis discusses the debt restructuring deal reached by EU officials in March 2012 in which the private sector lenders are greatly involved. The discussion supports the discussion on the implication of the Greece economic crisis on the U.S. economy because the deal poses significant threat to the U.S. economy due to its economic interest within the Eurozone. It is argued that the debt restructuring deal does not have the potential to solve the country’s economy crisis. This is because the deal exposes opens the journey for the country to languish in a chain of debts with limited economic growth prospects. In the video, â€Å"Greek Debt Crisis Adds Ne w Gravity to U.S. Deficit.† Jacob Kirkegaard, one of the respondents to Judy Woodruff’s questions, expresses significant concerns on the restructuring deal reached by the European officials in which he says that it is likely to trigger a situation in the country’s economy similar to that of the U.S. 2008 financial crisis. According to Kirkergaard, the proposed bond issue strategy has far- reaching implications to the global financial system including the U.S. economy. As asserted by the economists in the video discuss, any default experienced in the Greek domestic banking system is likely to be experienced in other countries like Spain, Portugal and Ireland. These views are clearly expressed by Tzortzinis in his article. He expresses views that support the argument presented by Kirkergaard, in which the steps taken by the troika are unlikely to resolve the economic crisis in Greece simply because the country’s debts will continue to grow at the expense of the troika’s interests. Therefore, most of the information presented in the selected article tends to provide a strong background support to the ideas presented in the video watched in class and the class discussions on the potential impact of the Greek debt crisis on the U.S. economy. In the video featuring Professor David Cameron on the EU debt crisis, views similar to those presented by Tzortzinis arise in which the debt crisis faced by EU members

Impact of Web Services Essay Example for Free

Impact of Web Services Essay Web services are self-contained, self-describing, and modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the Web. Web services Perform functions that can be anything from simple requests to complicated business Processes†. (http://webservices. xml. com/pub/a/ws/2001/04/04/webservices/index. html) We are the habitants of the 21st century. This is considered as the most innovative century of the world. Day-by-day innovations have made the world a global village. Everyday, new models of home appliances are introduced in the market, and not only home appliances but also everything is changing itself day to day. Even human beings have adjusted their lifestyles according to the modern era. In old days, people used different sources to communicate with each other. They would send telegrams telephoned their fellows. Slowly as their minds began to innovate, they produced new sources of communication. Through many gradual changes we produced and benefited many things. The human mind is very sharp because it can do any new if it is utilized in positive way. This mind had innovated many things. And today the most popular source of communication is the web service. This is also the effort of human’s sharp mind. The web service is the easiest way to communicate people through computer. This service has several benefits and loses. When this service was launched it became very popular and now through this service people have established their businesses. This service provides entertainment, information, professions and benefit people in several other ways. â€Å"The Colorado Department of Agriculture uses Web services to publish deer and elk tracking data, Jet Blue Airways Corp. uses them to process credit card transactions, and the state of New Mexico uses them for content management†. Enrique Castro through his article focuses on the future obstacles, which will be faced by the society and how will it affect the businesses around the world. â€Å"Assessing the future impact of Web services is at best an uncertain exercise from todays vantage point. There will be technical consequences, but perhaps the most profound will be its effect on society and business. What will be the effect on IT workers, especially those on developed economies who are? Concerned about off shoring? Will a 90% reduction in the cost of Enterprise Application Integration projects lead to more unemployment? Or will businesses decide to tackle more ambitious projects with the extra productivity? At the same time, as the technical hurdles to attain a certain level of functionality are diminished, comparatively, business Considerations rises in importance. This means programmers and IT workers will need to get more involved with the business aspects and business consequences of their tasks. The needs to build on business skills are a frequent theme in trade journals today. Jobs that require business skills and internal company business knowledge are much harder to outsource†. (Castro, 2003) Through these scholarly articles and scientific point of view, people who use web service regularly have a bad effect on their health. Using web service regularly and continuously is a health hazard. The rays of computer are so powerful that they can damage the eyes in many ways. It strongly affects the iris inside the eye. These rays damage the brain also. It has severe effects on the human health. Web Services have a great impact in our daily life. People who are known of the web’s Negative and positive aspects try to spread awareness about it. Professional people use web for their work but today the rising question is about the young generation. Is it? Doing the right jobs on the web or just using it for fun, entertainment? It is very necessary to tell the kids about the positive and negative aspects of the web. It is a source to promote awareness among people but nowadays people are misusing the web services in several ways. â€Å"The maturing of Web services and interoperability standards allow users to have access to a framework that enables them to access spatial data and applications from anywhere across the network, as was recently demonstrated in the Australian Spatial interoperability Demonstration Project (SIDP) project. This means that data can be obtained from point-of-truth custodians, avoiding duplication and enabling business continuity solutions, saving significant time and money and delivering better information products. Despite these obvious benefits, this approach highlights a number of issues around security, connectivity, privacy, licensing, etc. These need to be, and can be, dealt with effectively. However, sometimes such issues begin to lead lives of their own. They turn into myths that risk resonating with the decision-makers, hampering much needed Innovation. † (http://www. directionsmag. com/article. php? article_id=2011trv=1) Through different opinions, Web services are very helpful in businesses, media and in our daily life. It helps us in every field either it is networking, marketing or any other occupation it is a proved fact that without web services we cannot go further in any field. Analysts have analyzed that web services would create problems in the future because people would be using web services above requirement and they will be dependant of web services. Lastly, I would conclude that web services are a way to communicate people across the world. It is a very useful technological service. It provides us better information, entertainment and knowledgeable facts about the habitants of the world. Today many people are misusing it just for the sake of money and their entertainment. People have made web services a black-money earning source, but we should try to destroy the destructive minds that are providing a wrong impression of the web services to us. It is a common belief of our society that media and web services are very-beautifully playing their role in destroying the youngsters. Web services have negative impact too on the Society, but it does not mean that we start avoiding such a useful source of information. References Web Services Impact Web Services Impact http://www. eweek.com/article2/0,1759,537367,00. asp? kc=EWNKT0209KTX1K0100440 Retrieved January 27, 2007 Web services to offload integration from professional services | InfoWorld | News | 2003-05-23 | By Paul Krill http://www. infoworld. com/article/03/05/23/HNzap_1. html Retrieved January 27, 2007 Enrique Castro. An Introduction to Web Services. Ziff Davis Channel Zone, November, 2003 http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_zdzcz/is_200311/ai_ziff113418/pg_5 Trends in Web Mapping: Dispelling the Myths around Web Services Articles http://www. directionsmag. com/article. php? article_id=2011trv=1 Retrieved January 27, 2007

Essay --

This paper explores the correlation between a person’s personality and their zodiac sign. Multiple human subjects from each of the twelve zodiac signs were asked to take a 70-question personality test. The results of each survey were compared to the answer key for their respective zodiac sign. The answer keys were created by answering a survey from the point of view of each zodiac sign separately by using a basic description of what astrology says a person’s personality should be based on their zodiac sign. The amount of questions the subject answered the same with their answer key was added to each of the other results in that zodiac category. After all of the results were received for each zodiac group, an ANOVA test was performed to determine whether there was a significant variance in data between the 12 groups. To further test the data, the total number of points received on each survey in a group was averaged to decide whether each group was similar to their zodi ac personality. After experimentation, the results conclude that there was a significant difference in the results from each group. Because of this conclusion, it was proven that there is no significant correlation between a person’s personality and their zodiac sign. Astrology can be defined in many ways, one being â€Å"the study of occult influences of stars on human affairs† (â€Å"What is Astrology?†). Another interpretation of this definition is the prediction of a person’s personality and life events based on the placement on stars. â€Å"’Astrology wants to be religion and science at the same time† (Schoener). Whether Astrology is a real science or a theory based on lies is a widely debated topic between many people ranging from well-established scientists to everyday ci... ...rological predictions because the current system is very vague. Due to a very small sample size of each zodiac sign (one group only had 5 subjects), it may be beneficial to conduct the experiment with larger groups in order to increase the accuracy of the results. Also, a more comprehensive survey could be used to increase accuracy. Because participants knew what the survey was going to be about beforehand, they could have filled it out according to how they want to be viewed rather than how they really are. The survey used for this project seemed to focus on whether someone was more intellectual or creative exclusively. Despite the areas of possible effort, it is important to note that the results of this experiment should not be brushed off and further experimentation on the legitimacy of astrology should be conducted to validate the results of this experiment.

The main threat to the stability of Weimar Republic in the years 1919-1923

There are many people that would agree on the statement above due to the Consul Organisation and the Kapp Putch , these were political violence of the extreme right and indeed created instability in Germany however other people would disagree and say that the extreme left (spartasis) and other factors such the economical and constitional issues which had caused the Weimar Government to be unstable. Overall this essay will argue that the other factors such as economical and consitional issues were the main threat to the stability of the Weimar Republic.The extreme right created a new threat in a form of a political assassination also known as â€Å"consul organisation† between the years 1919-1922 resulting to 376 politicians being murdered , 22 of which left winged while the remaining 354 were right winged politicians. This organisations had targeted key republican politicians such as Matthas Erzberger who was the finance minster during the years 1919-21 , he was assassinated b ecause he had signed the Armistice , there are other factors to consider for Erzberger such as he was a catholic and a member of the centre party.Another key politicians that was assassinated was Walther Rathenau who was the foreign minister between 1921-22 , the foreign minister was assassinated because he was Jewish , committed to democracy and had contributed to the Rapallo Treaty1 with Russia. The fact that this organisation had assassinated key republican politicians had caused the government to become unstable , by removing talented politicians it meant that there the replacements wouldn’t be as talented and driven as the previous member , there’s also a fact that politicians would be scared to replace the people that were assassinated because they know they would be killed to.Another effect the consul had caused was the public criticise and lose moral the government in a sense because if the government couldn’t protect its own politicians , how would it p rotect its citizens, therefore consul was indeed a threat to the stability of the Weimar Republic. The Kapp Putch was another extreme right which had caused instability for the Weimar republic . Wolfgang Kapp and General Lutttwitz had assembled 12,00 troops to march Berlin with intention to over throw democracy .The government had called the army in-order to crush the threat as agreed in the Erbert – Groners Agreement however the army refused to go against the right wingers . General Von Seeckt the defence ministry stated â€Å"troops do not fire on troops† this states that there is instability within the German government because the army which is supposed to go enforce the government’s actions had actually gone against it and enforced its own interest hence the government had to call for a general strike which paralysed the capital therefore after 4 days Kapp realised he cannot run Germany and fled the city.Hence the Kapp Putch was a threat to the stability of the German Republic however compared if compared to the consul , it wasn’t as big threat to their stability . However the Kapp Putch was described as poorly lead and un coordinated therefore it could be argued how could a unorganised and limited demonstration cause the government to become unstable. However it could be argued that the extreme left was a bigger threat then the extreme right .The spartacist was led by Karl Liebknecht launched an armed uprising in Berlin , aiming to overthrow the provisional government and creating a soviet union . The government feared the a communist uprising therefore was seen a major threat and the army and freikorps were sent to crush the threat . if the spartacist were not a major threat then there would be no need to send the army as well as the freikorps therefore highlighting what a major threat the spartacist were to the German Republic .On the other hand it could be argued that demonstration was badly coordinated , poorly lead and wi thin the party there were divisions . when the demonstration had taken place the extreme left were not able to handle the governments unified attacked therefore leading to the spartacist downfall this enforces that the extreme right were indeed the main threat to the Weimar Republic . It could be argued that the constitution was actually the main threat for the Weimar Republic .Germany was using a PR system which resulted into coalitions because it meant that there were more parties in the Reichstag therefore in-order to receive a majority and pass legislation through they had to receive 50. 1% of the votes leading to coalitions with parties that don’t want to compromise an example of this is a coalition had broke down because they couldn’t agree about what colour a flag should be .This enforces the fact that it was extremely hard to actually make the government agree on a certain topic therefore the constitution would be seen as the biggest threat because the public c an see that the government is not actually helping them but bickering about small thing which are less important , leading to loss of faith/moral in the government which ultimately would lead to the downfall of the Weimar republic for the reason that if the public has no faith in the system then everything goes downhill , because democracy is ultimately for the people and if they rise against it , it means that the system is not working .However it could be argued that the PR system had given all German people a voice which is the ultimate aim in a democracy on the hand it could be argued by using the pr system it is a allowing extremist such as Volikish Nationalist a platform to herd from which would only lead to trouble in the future.The economy was also threat to the Weimar Republic stability, during this period Germany was undergoing hyperinflation2 an example of this is the price of 1kg of bread , in 1913 this loaf of bread cost 0.29 , in the summer 1923 the loaf of bread cost 1,200 by November it cost 428,000,000,000 . Because was due to the terms in the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was made to pay back repartitions to Britain and France , this meant that government had to print more money in-order to pay back the reparations which were due , because they had to pay back the reparations it meant that they couldn’t fund companies and boast there trading , there was also the fact countries refused to trade with Germany leading to Germany importing more goods than exporting .Eventually the government had stopped paying the reparations therefore Belgium and French troops occupied the Ruhr , with fuelled the inflation more because the government had called a general strike and had printed off money to in-order to compensate the workers . Because the money wasn’t backed up by gold it meant that the value of the money decreased leading to prices of goods spiralling out of control.The fact that the government was not helping with people during thi s situation caused mass discontent and made the German people lose faith in the currency and the government altogether so when extremist parties said they would be able to provide them with bread and work , the people would support those parties therefore resulting into the downfall of the Weimar republic.Overall it can be argued that the extreme right indeed was the biggest threat towards the Weimar Republic because the army had refused to go up against them however as mentioned above there were flaws within the demonstration which represent that they were no infract the biggest threat to stability the Government had faced .The extreme left was also a threat to the stability to the Weimar republic and mentioned above was not the main threat as to the stability of the Weimar Government. Overall the economic and constitutional was the biggest threat to the Weimar republic for the reason that both of these issues had caused mass discontent which ultimately would lead to a uprising aga inst the government .

How Budgeting And Spending Habits - 1670 Words

A Fool And His Money Are Soon Parted by Thomas Tusser Tera L. Overcast-Davis Daymar College The safest way to double your money is to fold it over and put it in your pocket. I think sometimes this is the best thing to do when learning of a new tax that I am going to have to pay or some expense that I did not plan on paying. In reality, a person does not want to stick their head in the sand but to plan short and long term goals so that he or she is prepared for an unplanned expense or retirement. This paper discusses budgeting and spending habits, loans and borrowing, insurance, stock and mutual fund investments, and retirement planning. Budgeting and spending habits require knowledge. A person needs to understand personal finance in order to protect themselves, understand how to plan for the future, make intelligent investments, and apply the information to their own situation. One can start by using a personal balance sheet to see if your monthly income covers all your monthly expenses. Mint.com is a great tool to use or you can hire a professional planner. Then you can move on to developing a cash budget. Use your income statement to compare to your balance sheet. This will help you monitor your incoming cash with what you spend and see where you can save. This is a good time to look for ways to cut down on spending and increase your savings. To increase your savings you need to learn your spending habits. You can setShow MoreRelatedTraditional Methods Of Managing Personal Income1641 Words   |  7 PagesThere are three traditional methods of managing personal income. 1. Budgeting, 2. Keeping a spending history, and 3. Doing nothing (also known as living from paycheck to paycheck). 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Essay on Computer Forensics

Introduction Computer forensics is a growing branch in the field of computer science and information technology. Occasionally, organizations, big or small, would require an audit of their information systems (Carrier, 2005). This is where the computer forensic experts come in. This paper is meant to give a clear understanding of some of the tasks involved in computer forensics. Description of activities and tasks involved in investigation, documentation as well as reporting has been captured in the paper. The last part of the paper is a brief analysis of expert witness’s challenges as well as a sample courtroom scenario. Types of equipment that should be packed in a field tool kit and the rationale behind the choices The tool kit for the task should include a number of software and hardware devices. One of the most important equipment is the forensic laptop and power supply. Forensic laptop would definitely contain very important software for carrying out the task while the power supply would serve as an emergency source of power incase of power outage (Vacca, 2002).   Digital cameras, case folders, and blank forms are also important. The stated equipment would be used for interview recording of staff as well as other observations made in the field.   Cables for data transfer and blank hard drives for storages of data as well as hardware write blockers would be essential for the task ahead. Hard drive duplicators for forensic imaging and data acquisition are also needed for the task (Kruse, Heiser, 2002). Some other tools that would prove more valuable would include password removal software and equipment. It is important to do have these tools to counteract cases of sabotage or uncooperativ eness from staff. Additional questions for the Supervisor before the operation begins Who are the people who are in charge of safeguarding the safety of the explosives? Who authorizes the release of explosives to be used in the field? Is there a mechanism for explosive acquisition by the company? Could I get the list of the names of all individuals handling explosives in the company? Do the company use IT systems in the management of explosives and substances circulations? Who manages system user accounts in all the company systems? When is the company allowed to release explosives for use in the field? Does the company keep all the records pertaining to explosive use? Who are some of the officers that will be working with me? Is the suspect found with the cache of explosives an employee of the company? Brief address to police officers The operation will begin shortly therefore, I call upon your cooperation as we undertake this task. In order for the success of this task, and to ensure that the culprits are brought to book, I call upon you to cooperate fully and offer any information that might come your way. Take note that in order to get information from the suspect, use of force or harassment might not prove fruitful. I urge you to handle the situation with dignity. Report to me immediately any activity that is suspicious crops up. All computer systems, devices, storage media and any other records should not be touched and should be left as they are until checked by the investigating officer. In case of file deletion that can be noted in any machine, kindly report it to me immediately so that appropriate action can be taken.  Ã‚   Ensure that no company staff are in access to computer systems during the investigation. Secure the data centers and ensure that no company staff gets access to the machines there.   If not sure of any activity in progress, report the same to me immediately. Pieces of potential evidence in the scene and evidence that it might contain From the office picture shown, many devices and documents can be sources of evidence in the investigation.   First is the USB flash drive on the desk. The flash drive could contain data that shows payments made or donations of explosives made by the manager to the culprit captured with the explosives. On the hand phone, records might show calls made by the suspect to various people in the last couple of hours or even days. Following of the leads might lead to resolving of the matter. The memory hard drive might also contain important data with regard to explosive records distribution or acquisition by the company. In the same category as the memory, hard drive is the DVD device and note pads on the desk. In addition to be checked are the sticker notes on the computer. The notes might contain some important information that would contribute to the entire task. Hard drive, DVD, USB flash drive are some of the electronics storage and transfer devices used. The same devices can be used in the storage of company data, such as records of explosive distribution. It is due to this fact that it is important to check them. Sticker notes are also some of the quick reminder objects that can provide valuable information. Methods employed to â€Å"capture† the scene in situ The first method that could be used to capture this scene is to video tape it.   Capturing a video of the scene is advantageous in the sense that the scene can be captured from all angles therefore giving the most accurate scenario of the scene. Video recording of the scene allows sound recording too, therefore audio explanations can be included in the process (Kruse, Heiser, 2002). The real picture of the scene can therefore be captured in the process and understood clearly. Photographing the scene is another method that can be employed in the process. Photographs just like video records provide first hand information of the scene, however photographing the scene has a disadvantage in that it is hard to capture all of its angles. Some objects might be blocked by other objects and therefore bring confusion during review. Describing the scene by taking down notes, is another method through which the scene can be captured. The method is not desirable though due to the variability with which various people can describe an object or a scene. It however has a desirable advantage in that it can offer extra informative information that is hard to comprehend by looking at a photograph. Step of action on seeing the above window Considering the speed of the process, the approach taken would vary. If the clean up speed is faster, the first task would be to cancel it in order to prevent the clean up of important documents, or browser histories.   However if the process of clean up is slow, the first activity would be to make prove of the same. This can be done by photographing the screen of video recording it. Evidence of such an activity could be useful in reporting and provision of expert opinion to authorities.   Whichever task comes fast, the most important thing to do is to stop the process before much data is deleted. Evidences that can be collected thereafter After stopping the clean up process, the first task is to check the documents that were being deleted by the system. The evidence that can be collected include temporary internet files, cookies, web browser history which would show the sites visited by the suspect, last download locations, will give an insight on the locations from which the suspect obtained what data. Recent documents can also be used to verify what one has been working on in the last few days or weeks. If the suspect was running any activity or using any document with relation to the case at hand, then the same information can easily be obtained. Purpose and importance of a chain of custody document for the evidence A chain of custody events refers to a chronological dcocumentation of actions that depict activities involved in the seizure, custody, control, and analysis of evidence (Carrier, 2005). Chain of custody document is important in the sense that it is used to show the order in which tasks were done in the field. It is used to determine whether any tampering of evidence might have occurred during the process for the purposes of evaluation evidence accuracy. It helps to establish that the seized evidence is in fact related to the crime in question and hence remove doubt associated with fraudulent planting of evidences. The document can be used to avert or withstand any challenges that can be raised with regard to the authenticity of the evidence collected (Carrier, 2005). Potential digital evidence not in the office There is need to check the server logs at the server room. It is important to check also the database logs and user logs in the server room or data center. It is important to check this in order to determine the times at which the suspect might have accessed the company systems. Not only will the time of access be known but also the activity done by the culprit. An example is a task such as changing the records in the database. The logs will provide useful information for examination of these activities. The activity done by the suspect can be used to link to any suspicious release of explosives or unauthorized release of consignment to a particular destination. Some of this information can be very useful in determination of a case. Questions to ask the System Administrator Who is in charge of user accounts management in the organization? Is there any way one can access someones account without the owner’s knowledge or the accounts managers’ knowledge? Has there been any security breach in your systems in the recent past, if so, what was its extent and how was it contained? Reasons for talking to the suspect It would be very important to ask the suspect some questions regarding to the digital media collected. This is important as it allows for clarification of some unclear parameters in mind. When adequate information is given, and clarification is sought a clear understanding of the situation is developed. Having a clear comprehension of the situation will help in analysis and reporting. Without proper understanding of the scenario, it is most likely to report wrong information to the authorities. Important information that can be obtained from the computer before beginning the forensic examination of the hard drive itself Web browser histories would prove useful indetermination of the sites recently visited by the suspect. The computer stores this information in the history option of the web browser. Opening those sites can be crucial in evaluation what the suspect had been up to in the recent past. Download locations is another place that is necessary to check. If any data was downloaded from a particular site or server, the same will be found. In order to immediately determine what the suspect was up to some few moments before his arrest, the list of recent documents can help. If one had been working on manipulating some records or accessing some form of documents prior to arrest, the same can easily be determined. This information provides an easy and fast opportunity to analyze information at hand and determine its relevancy to the case. â€Å"MD5† and its significance MD5 is a cryptographic function used in cryptography to produce a 128-bit hash value. Its main purpose is to check data integrity (Carrier, 2005). This report is a problem in the sense that it implies an error in the integrity of data in the hard drive. It furthermore signifies failure of data integrity constraints to be met in the data in the hard drive. It could mean that there could have been manipulation of data or some data might have been lost (Carvey, 2005). Purpose of each of the following folders and potential evidence it might contain â€Å"C:\$Recycle.Bin† directory: This folder contains all the data or documents that have been deleted. They are documents that are no longer needed for use; however, the same might be needed in the future and hence can be retrieved. Some of the information that can be found here includes documents that the suspect might have deleted from the main folders of other partitions in the hard disk. This information might include records of transactions, reports, draft reports or even letters and memos. â€Å"C:\Program Files† directory: The program files directory contains program files. These files are used in running out applications that are essential in the task performance. Such programs include office applications programs and other software. The same will be instrumental in determination of the software applications that are mostly used by the suspect. It will aid in the general reporting and determination of a standing point with regard to the investigations. â€Å"C:\Users\Roberts\Desktop† directory: This folder is a folder that contains all the information stored on the computer desktop. Just like the folders, the information that can be gathered here include documents such as reports, Memos or any other documents that might have been stored in the folder. â€Å"C:\Users\Roberts\Documents† directory: The folder named above is used to store documents. It contains all the documents saved by the client or just automatically saved by the system. Examination on the document in order to determine its owner In order to determine the owner of the spreadsheet, the first thing is to check the name associated with. In as a much as the name might give some lead, the same cannot be prove enough that can withstand legal challenge in a court of law. It is therefore necessary to determine when the spreadsheet was created. After determining the time it was created, a visit to the system log is done. This is to identify the person who was logged into the system at the time the document was created. By use of user name and password associated with the logged user at that particular time the owner of the document can be identified. Checking of the file metadata can help in determining the time of creation and the associated user who created it. Metadata and its importance in computer forensics Metadata is a term used to describe information about data (Carvey, 2005). It actually is data about data. It describes the containers of data and furthermore any individual instances of data. Metadata is important to computer forensics because it gives a clear indication of the environment and particulars associated with any data.   The contents and quality of data can be determined by description of the same. A good example is a description describing the language in which data stored in a database is written in, the tools that were used to create files and when the files were created.   Metadata also provides information relating to rights and administrative access to documents and data. This is most useful in determination of the people who has access to data any particular time (Carvey, 2005). Report on the spreadsheet Upon investigations on the suspects’ computer having obtained consent from him, a spreadsheet document was recovered from one of the folders. The spreadsheet document was created by use of Microsoft Office Excel, version2007.   Upon opening the document, information regarding to the distribution of explosives were indicated. Some columns were marked pending while others delivered. It was noted that the location of delivery was however not indicated against each column. One striking discovery made was the fact that in one of the columns an indication had been made to the effect that the consignment of the explosives had been delivered. The particulars of explosives in question matches the same particulars seized from the terrorist suspect who had earlier been arrested during the week. Investigations were done in order to determine the owner of the document and the time the document was created. This was done by checking on the file metadata, which contains a description of da ta contained in it. System logs were also checked to verify the person who was logged in at the time the file was created. This investigation led to the revelation that at the time the file was created and any other time it was updated, Mr. Roberts was logged in to the system. The file metadata also showed that the spreadsheet document is owned by Mr. Roberts. To this point, it is my subjective assessment that Mr. Roberts created ad managed the document. Difference between expert and fact witness An expert witness is a witness who is admitted by virtue of proven skills or education in particular field and is believed to have expertise in that particular field beyond the comprehension of an average individual and can therefore offer reliable scientific or technological opinion on the matter. A fact witness on the other part is a witness that testifies only by virtue o things seen, tested, heard, touched or smelled. No expertise is needed in any field in order to testify as a fact witness. Expert witnesses are important in this case because the evidences that would largely be depended on come from the expert. It is to be noted that fact witnesses play little role here because electronic and digital information can be changed without, seeing or application of all other senses that play large role in factual witnesses. Importance of looking at the jury when answering questions Facial expressions play an important role in determination of the level knowledge displayed by an individual. Facing the jury will not only help them gauge the leave of confidence they should have on the expert but will also increase confidence ratio in whatever is said. Direct eye contact while expressing oneself can signify deep understanding of whatever is being expressed by the expert witness. Reason for challenges faced in testifying on digital evidences Many lawyers and judges are not familiar with computer technology. Previous evidence that held a lot of value in a court of law were evidence that could be seen with the naked eye. However, digital forensics cannot be seen with a naked eye in a court of law. It becomes difficult therefore to explain to the jury the meaning of terms used in the reports presented as well as how some technologies work. Answer to question about blogs posed by the defense lawyer To insinuate that my political opinions about the government and the governance of this country influenced my judgment is totally misplaced. I just reported what I found out in the system. The same facts can be attested by any other expert if another investigation is done. Systems logs will always show changes that are made in the systems at any particular time. Any attempt to change any document including the system logs themselves will always be recorded in the system logs. That is what I used in my reporting. To add to that my professional code of ethics as well as my own moral principles does not allow me to use my knowledge to disadvantage others wrongly. Reference Carrier, B. (2005). File system forensic analysis. New York, NY: Addison Wesley Carvey, H. (2005). Windows forensics and incident recovery. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley. Casey, E. (2004). Handbook of computer crime investigation: Forensics tools and technology. Academic Press. Kruse, W. Heiser, J. (2002). Computer forensics: Incident response essentials. New York, NY: Addison Wesley. Vacca, J. (2002).Computer forensics: Computer crime scene investigation. Charles River Media.